Haematology is the medical specialty that deals with the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and related disorders. It involves diagnosing and treating conditions such as anaemia, clotting disorders, leukaemia, lymphoma, and other blood diseases. Haematology tests help assess overall health, detect abnormalities, and guide effective treatment plans for various blood-related conditions.
Biochemistry focuses on measuring chemicals and enzymes in blood and body fluids to assess organ function, detect diseases, and monitor treatment. Common tests include liver, kidney, thyroid, lipid, and glucose profiles.
serology is the study of blood serum to detect antibodies or antigens.
It helps in diagnosing bacterial and viral infections.
These tests can assess a person’s immunity to certain diseases.
They are also useful in monitoring disease progression or treatment response.
Common applications include tests for HIV, hepatitis, dengue, and typhoid.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
It plays a vital role in identifying infectious agents that cause diseases.
Laboratory tests in microbiology help guide effective treatment.
Cytology is the study of individual cells to detect abnormalities and diseases.
It plays a crucial role in diagnosing cancers, infections, and inflammatory conditions.
Samples are collected from body fluids or tissue scrapings for microscopic examination.
This method is quick, minimally invasive, and cost-effective.
Cytology helps in early detection, guiding timely treatment decisions.
Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues to study disease processes.
It helps in diagnosing conditions like cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders.
Tissue samples are obtained through biopsy or surgery and processed for analysis.
The examination reveals structural changes in cells and tissues.
Histopathology is essential for accurate diagnosis and guiding treatment plans.
Molecular biology focuses on studying biological processes at the molecular level.
It involves the analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins to understand cellular functions.
Techniques like PCR, sequencing, and blotting are commonly used.
It plays a key role in genetic testing, infectious disease diagnosis, and research.
Molecular biology bridges genetics and biochemistry to advance medical science.
Clinical pathology is the branch of pathology that focuses on laboratory analysis of body fluids, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
It involves tests in hematology, clinical chemistry, microbiology, and immunology to aid diagnosis.
Clinical pathologists interpret lab results to help detect diseases and monitor treatment.
They play a vital role in preventive healthcare by identifying abnormalities early.
This field serves as a crucial link between laboratory science and patient care.
Immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance using the reaction of an antibody to its antigen.
It is widely used to detect hormones, drugs, proteins, and infectious agents in blood or other body fluids.
These tests are highly sensitive and specific, making them reliable for diagnosis.
Common methods include ELISA, chemiluminescence, and rapid tests.
Immunoassays play a key role in disease screening, monitoring, and research.
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